The first wave of new energy vehicle battery retirements is coming, this problem is very "thorny"
For a new battery, the whole process will cost about 60,000 yuan. "With a little more money, I can directly buy a new car." This made Liu Gong, a new energy car owner, a little "sick". After all, the price of this new energy vehicle 5 years ago was only more than 100,000 yuan after subsidies.
The mileage of this car has exceeded 150,000 kilometers, and the original advertised mileage of 300 kilometers "can't even run half of it now".
Efter testning har den här bilens kraftlitium-jonbatterikapacitet minskat till mindre än 70 procent. Eftersom den har överskridit garantiperioden på 8 år eller 150,000 kilometer som utlovats av tillverkaren, kan Liu Gong bara byta ut batteriet på egen bekostnad.
How much can I depreciate an old battery? The method given by the 4S store is very disappointing. If the repurchase by the 4S store is "almost equal to a free gift". The staff said "you can also handle it yourself", but how do you handle it yourself? Liu Gong was at a loss.
The recycling and disposal of used batteries for new energy vehicles is only a small problem in Liu Gong's life, but it is a major problem that must be solved in the development of my country's new energy vehicle industry.
With the help of various forces such as policies and capital, my country's new energy vehicle industry has been rushing all the way in recent years. The latest data from the my country Association of Automobile Manufacturers shows that from January to October this year, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in my country were 2.566 million and 2.542 million respectively, with a cumulative sales penetration rate of 12.1 percent . This means that for every 8 vehicles sold in my country, 1 is a new energy vehicle.
While the production and sales of new energy vehicles are booming, the first batch of new energy vehicles put into the market, their power lithium-ion batteries are facing "retirement". According to the data, it is estimated that by 2025, the cumulative decommissioning of power lithium-ion batteries in my country will be close to 800,000 tons.
How to deal with retired batteries has become an imminent development problem for the new energy vehicle industry. Driven by the "dual carbon" goal, battery recycling has become a new industry outlet. In the face of the huge potential market size, how to do a good job in battery recycling and improve the level of resource recycling? There is still a need to improve the industrial chain, and what are the "blocking points" that need to be solved urgently?
1. The "white list" can't spell the "black workshop"
Power litium-jonbatteri är en av de tre kärnkomponenterna i nya energifordon. Dess prestanda avgör direkt fordonets säkerhet och marschräckvidd, och kostnaden står för cirka 40 procent av fordonet.
Ur perspektivet av livslängden för kraftlitium-jonbatterier är livslängden för kraftlitium-jonbatterier i allmänhet 5-8 år och den effektiva livslängden är 4{{ 6}}6 år. Enligt analysen av China Merchants Securities Research Report, om livslängden för det kraftfulla litiumjonbatteriet är 4-6 år, kommer kraftlitiumjonbatteriet som producerades 2014 att gå in i pensionsperioden i omgångar i 2018. Det förväntas att från och med 2021 kommer mitt land att inleda toppperioden för den första satsen av kraftfulla litiumjonbatterier att avvecklas.
Vart ska batterierna ta vägen efter avveckling?
Det idealiska återvinningsläget för litium-jonbatterier har två vägar: kaskadanvändning och återvinning och utvinning av råmaterial. Det förstnämnda är att demontera och rekombinera uttjänta litium-jonbatterier och använda dem för energilagring och andra områden som inte kräver hög batteritäthet; det senare är att utvinna dyra metallmaterial som kobolt och nickel från skrotade batterier.
Enligt Guo Wenhui, verkställande biträdande chef för Zhuhai Zhongli New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., när batteriet inte kan uppfylla prestandakraven för elfordon och är pensionerat, utvärderas och testas batteriets form och prestanda, och motsvarande reformering är genomförs på denna grund. Efteråt kan den användas i andra scenarier som inte kräver hög batteriprestanda, till exempel energilagring i nätet och låghastighetselektriska fordon.
För kraftfulla litium-jonbatterier som inte kan nedgraderas och fortsätta att användas är återvinning deras slutdestination. Batterimodulerna demonteras fint och sätts sedan in i polbitskrossanordningen, och sedan extraheras metallmaterial som nickel, kobolt och litium från dem för att göra litiumkarbonat och andra produkter, som kan återanvändas i produktionen av nya batterier för att realisera resursåtervinning.
In order to ensure the recovery of power lithium-ion batteries, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced the "Interim Measures for the Management of Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries for New Energy Vehicles" in 2018, requiring automobile production companies to assume the main responsibility for power lithium-ion battery recycling.
Since 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has successively announced two batches of 26 companies that have entered into the list of "standard conditions for the comprehensive utilization of waste power batteries for new energy vehicles", commonly known as the "white list".
But the reality is that the "white list" cannot compete with the "black workshop" - a large number of retired power lithium-ion batteries flow into informal channels such as small workshops, bringing security and environmental risks.
How to "find" retired power lithium-ion battery recyclers online? After a reporter from Science and Technology Daily tried multiple keyword searches on online platforms such as Baidu, Taobao and even Xianyu to no avail, "car chassis recycling" finally surfaced. Most of the cover pictures found are densely stacked power lithium-ion battery modules, which are covered by the phone number and WeChat account of the recycler. The price of the product varies greatly, but in the detailed introduction, it is stated that all kinds of power can be recovered on-site nationwide. Lithium-ion batteries, "the price is large and the quantity is favored".
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The reporter consulted some of the merchants with Liu Gong's new energy vehicle battery model. Most merchants said that the specific price depends on the battery condition. One of them gave no less than "100 yuan per kilowatt hour" The price exceeded the price quoted by the 4S shop to Liu Gong. But without exception, all merchants are not on the "white list".
Data in 2018 showed that the total amount of power lithium-ion batteries retired that year reached 74,000 tons, but the first five "whitelist" companies in the country that year only recycled about 5,000 tons of power lithium-ion batteries, and the remaining 6 More than 10,000 tons of power lithium-ion batteries are "unaccounted for", most of which have flowed to companies outside the "white list".
En utövare för återvinning av litium-jonbatterier beskrev för reportrar vad han hade lärt sig om några företag som arbetar med kraftlitium-jonbatterier: batterimodulerna för kraftlitium-joner som togs bort från bilen var staplade i ett öppet öppet fält, täckt med Med ett tjockt lager av damm, var elektriska borrar, skruvdragare och skiftnycklar utspridda omkring; den första var manuell våldsam demontering, och sedan genomfördes den enklare och oförskämda krossningsprocessen. Skydda.
Förutom driftsäkerhet är det ännu viktigare att vara vaksam. Vissa experter säger att ett 20-grams mobiltelefonbatteri kan förorena 1 kvadratkilometer mark i cirka 50 år. Större och tyngre litiumjonbatterier för elfordon innehåller nickel och kobolt. , mangan och andra tungmetaller, litiumhexafluorfosfat i elektrolyten hydrolyseras lätt i luftmiljön för att producera fosforpentafluorid, vätefluorid och andra skadliga ämnen, vilket kan utgöra ett större hot mot miljön.
I processen med att demontera och krossa kraftlitium-jonbatterier behandlar vissa små verkstäder inte avgaserna, avfallsvätskan och avfallsrester, eller laddar ens ur dem godtyckligt. Det finns fortfarande risk för explosion under demonteringsprocessen.
"If the recycling supervision system is not improved as soon as possible, and the flow of scrapped power lithium-ion batteries is strictly controlled, it will bring environmental protection and safety hazards, and even affect the healthy development of the new energy vehicle industry." The relevant person in charge of the power lithium-ion battery manufacturer CATL is accepting reporters said in an interview.
2. It is difficult for the regular army to make money because of "not enough to eat"
Why can't the regular army "beat" small workshops? In fact, becoming a "whitelisted" company is not easy.
In the dismantling process, the battery pack intelligent dismantling system, the battery automatic cutting device, as well as the 2-3 level absorption towers, bag filter, tail gas incineration system, waste water treatment facilities that meet environmental protection requirements are used... Ganfeng Circulation Technology Co., Ltd. It is a company on the "white list", and its person in charge, Xie Shaozhong, detailed the company's investment in standardized processing to reporters one by one.
Den höga investeringskostnaden gör det också omöjligt för vanliga företag att konkurrera direkt med små verkstadsföretag på återvinningssidan. Vanliga företag investerar mycket i teknik och miljöskydd, medan icke-standardföretag och små verkstäder har nästan noll investeringar i detta avseende och kan köpa batterier till högre priser.
"We must meet more than 50 evaluation conditions before we can enter the 'white list'. In 2019, we spent several million yuan on the upgrade and transformation of the plant." Wang Xiaopeng, director of the energy integration department of Blue Valley Smart (Beijing) Energy Technology Co., Ltd., said bluntly , At present, the price of power lithium-ion battery recycling is chaotic, and the company is at a disadvantage due to cost constraints.
Zhang Qinhong, head of the recycling industry team and associate researcher of the Shanghai Jiaotong University Industry Research Institute, has conducted research on the power lithium-ion battery recycling industry. As far as he knows, companies that apply power lithium-ion batteries most often use a centralized way to handle batteries. However, usually only larger companies will conduct qualification review of the recycling and processing companies participating in the bidding; small companies generally do not require strict requirements, "may be given to whoever has the highest price."
Ovannämnda-ansvarige för Ningde Times sa till reportrar att de nuvarande fordonen som går in i skrotningsperioden i grunden är elbussar och taxibilar som kom in på marknaden tidigt och som har nått den obligatoriska skrotningsperioden. Tidigare var bortskaffningssättet för uttjänta litium-jonbatterier att de operativa företagen sålde batterierna vidare till företag eller privatpersoner med högre bud.
This led to the regular army "not getting enough to eat".
"At present, there is no gap in the recycling and disposal of power lithium-ion batteries in my country." At the my country Electric Vehicle Hundred People's Forum held at the beginning of this year, Bao Wei, general manager of Zhejiang Huayou Cycle Technology Co., Ltd., one of the "whitelist" companies, bluntly said that my country's power The problem facing the lithium-ion battery recycling industry is not a lack of production, but a limited number of batteries that can be recycled. According to Bao Wei's statistics, only the first five companies on the "white list" can handle 600,000 tons, which is more than enough to deal with the current scrap of more than 200,000 tons.
Xie Shaozhong also agrees with this point, "At present, most of the recovered power lithium-ion batteries come from scraps of battery factories and scrapped batteries in the production process, and there are not many retired batteries for new energy vehicles that can be obtained."
However, Guo Wenhui believes that the expansion of the market scale is a matter of time. "Our designed output at full production is 200,000 tons, and about 10 percent of it has been put into production. There is still a lot of room, but the premise is to crack down on small workshops and standardize the industrial chain. ".
Guo Wenhui och andra ser fram emot ankomsten av den verkliga strömmen av pensionering.
"The early power lithium-ion battery industry was small in scale, and it was not recorded in the national traceability control system. After entering the market, it was circulated in many ways, resulting in most of the used power lithium-ion batteries not returning to the formal recycling channels, which greatly affected the battery recycling standard company. Business development." The above-mentioned person in charge of CATL said.
Han betonade också att de nuvarande litium-jonbatterierna med återvunnen kraft huvudsakligen är litiumjärnfosfatbatterier, som har låg halt av värdefulla metaller och material, låga återvinningsekonomiska fördelar och till och med risken för förluster; och ternära litium-jonbatterier. Den innehåller en stor mängd värdefulla metaller och material och de ekonomiska fördelarna med återvinning är goda, men den har kort tid på sig att komma ut på marknaden och har ännu inte gått in i skrotningsperioden.
Dessa faktorer tillsammans har gjort det svårt för vanliga batteriåtervinnings- och förädlingsföretag att göra vinster och har ännu inte kommit in i ett sunt utvecklingsspår.
3. För att komma in i det blå havet är det nödvändigt att bilda en industriell synergi
In any case, with the rapid development of new energy electric vehicles, the power lithium-ion battery recycling industry has become a "conspicuous science" at present, and a blue ocean is placed in front of the company.
Tesla, CATL, BYD och andra jättar rustar redan upp och är ivriga att prova.
On October 12, Ningde Times announced that Guangdong Bangpu Recycling Technology Co., Ltd., one of its group holding subsidiaries and one of the "whitelist" companies, and its holding subsidiary, plan to open a new factory in Yaojiagang Chemical Industry, Yichang City, Hubei Province. The Yuantianjiahe area invested in the construction of the Bangpu Integrated Battery Materials Industrial Park project, with a total investment of no more than RMB 32 billion.
On the recycling side, in addition to cooperating with car manufacturers to recycle batteries, many companies are also stepping up the layout and construction of their own recycling systems. Xie Shaozhong said that his company's next step is to establish recycling outlets across the country, and establish recycling and dismantling outlets in the Pearl River Delta, North China, Southwest and other areas where power lithium-ion batteries are densely populated, dismantling and breaking the batteries on the spot, and only transporting and recycling them. The resulting raw materials, thus preventing the safety risks and capital costs of long-distance transportation of batteries. According to data from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, as of the end of September this year, 171 new energy vehicle production and comprehensive utilization companies have set up 9,985 recycling service outlets in 31 provinces and municipalities across the country.
Energiåtervinningsindustrin för litium-jonbatterier har en bred täckning och en lång industriell kedja, allt från batteritillverkare till slutanvändningsföretag, som involverar många. För att effektivt utveckla detta blå hav måste företag uppströms och nedströms arbeta tillsammans.
Zhang Qinhong believes that the current phenomenon of "talking about each other" within the industry has caused uncertainty in the safety and reliability of power lithium-ion batteries in the process of utilization to a certain extent, "which hinders the promotion of the cascade utilization product market."
In response to the sharing of data and information of power lithium-ion batteries, Bao Wei called for unity in the industry, "upstream automobile and battery manufacturers should share battery data with downstream recycling companies to improve recycling efficiency."
It is reported that a number of related companies have started joint actions to maintain the industry ecology. On July 16, nine key new energy vehicle and battery production companies, including Geely Group, Zhejiang Tianneng, and Zhejiang Chaowei, issued a joint statement calling for "boycott of small workshops." They stated that they will restrict bidding companies in the process of waste power lithium-ion batteries and must be listed on the "white list" to prevent middlemen and small workshop companies from participating in the bidding; at the same time, they call on new energy vehicle and power lithium-ion battery manufacturers across the country to comply with them and regulate waste The flow channel of the power lithium-ion battery.
This is regarded as the official start of the industry to "declare war" on the gray industry chain of power lithium-ion battery recycling and disposal represented by small workshop companies.
4. Relevanta policyer behöver fortfarande förfinas och implementeras
Guo Wenhui took the "dual carbon" goal as an opportunity, "One of the goals of the power lithium-ion battery recycling industry is to reduce carbon emissions. less".
Xie Shaozhong also believes that the new energy vehicle industry will usher in further development under the background of "dual carbon", and the resulting large number of retired power lithium-ion batteries will also embark on the road of standardized treatment, which is for related companies. It means huge market potential; at the same time, he also hopes that with the gradual maturity of related mechanisms such as the carbon trading market in the future, normative companies can take the lead in the "carbon" economy.
Zhang Qinhong said that under the "dual carbon" goal, measuring the value of the power lithium-ion battery recycling industry should not just look at the eyes. "In the current market environment, the environmental protection value in the industry has not been reflected, which makes the industry seem to be less competitive. However, as a 'carbon reduction' industry, its future industrial value will gradually emerge, which requires appropriate policy guidance, support," he said.
In addition, the rapid development of the new energy electric vehicle industry in the future will tighten the constraints on battery raw material resources such as lithium, cobalt and nickel. "my country's cobalt resources are in short supply, and 95 percent of its demand depends on imports, most of which are It is used to manufacture power lithium-ion batteries." Zhang Qinhong believes that in this case, it is more important to develop the power lithium-ion battery recycling industry, promote the recycling of battery metal raw materials, and reduce the dependence on source mineral resources.
